Processor

It is the prime physical part of a computer system. it works superbly with combination of its three parts.

ALU - arithmetical logical unit

CU - control unit

Memory - cache memory of SRAM 

A computer speed is mostly depends on CPU's speed we measure a processor speed in Heartz (HZ)

1000HZ - 1KHZ

1000 KHZ - 1MHZ

1000 MHZ - 1GHZ

It speed also known as " Clock speed " "clock rate"

                                                Models of processor 

ex .8085, 8086,286,386, 486 , Celeron , Pentium , 1234567 multi core processors come in with different to clock speed or cache memory . the first CPU made / Developed by MOTOROLA company and other manufacture of CPU are 

Intel - celeron, Pentium 

AMD - Advance micro device

Cyrix

IBM 

Nexgen etc

                                            types of CPU 

1. card type

2. Pin type

3. Pin less type

                                            Card type

It is two types

DIPP  -  Dual Inline pin package 

PLCC - Plastic lead chip corner

DIPP -  this types processor was used in the first generation of computer. these were in from of IC whic was alredy fixing on motherboard. these processors speed was very slow.

these processor were used for various calculations. for ex 8086 , 8088 etc.

these were - 8 -16 bit and speed - 5 -10 MHZ

this microprocessor (8088) is made by assembling almost 29 thousand transistors.

PLCC - these type processors were used in second generation of computers. its speed was faster than DIPP there was also used co processor with 

EX. 80286 speed is 20 MHZ it assembled with on lac thirty thousand transistors or its supported 1 GB memory .

80386 - speed is 40 MHZ it supported 4 GB memory .

                                                        PIN TYPE 

PGA (pin grade array)

it stands for Pin grade array. these processors were used in third generation of computer and unit now in  these processor pins were used so they know as Pin Grade Array. these are attached on processor socket on mother board. in these processors speed were vary fast.

                                                PIN LESS 

now latest processor are pin less or without pins. it is made of 15 million transistors it also works on 3.3 volts or 10 watt. it has reached up 3.6 GHZ in p4 version.

                                                        MULTI CORE 

A dual core processor is nearly twice as powerful as a single core processor in pracatice performance gains are said to be about fiftyp percent a dual core processor is likly to be about one and a half times as powerful as a  single core processor.

multi core processing is a growing industry trend as single core processor rapidly reach the physical limits of possible complexity and speed most current system are multi core.

                                                        CACHE 

A CPU cache is a cache used by the central processing unit of a computer to reduce the average time to access memory the cache is a smaller faster memory which stores copies of the data from frequently used main memory locations.

                                                                Memory 

The capacity of remember is called memory .

there are two types of computer memory :-

1. Primary                                 2. Secondary

Primary = the all work before saving in secondary memory is done is primary memory.

1. Volatile                 2.     NoN volatile 

1. Volatile -  in this type memory the data will be lost when power become off. it is also called temporary  memory RAM is most type of volatile memory.

Property of  a RAM -  

# all data goes to RAM first & execute here all programs run here data accessed here randomly 

# it need to be refreshed after few seconds.

# it stores data for short time

Types of RAM -

S- RAM -  static random access memory

DRAM - dynamic random acess memory 

SRAM -  static random access memory . SRAM doesnt require a refresh single like DRAM does . the chips are more complex and are thus more expensive. DRAM access times come in at 40 nanoseconds or more SRAM has access time faster than 10ns SRAM is often used  for cache memory.

DRAM -  it works slowly than SRAM this RAM become Refreshing with 2 mile seconds & we can refresh it manually.

EDO RAM -  

Extended data out RAM 

it is plugged in on to 72 pin SIMM slot.

It has 72 Pins.

it has single cut in center.

it capacity from 8mb to 32 MB

NON EDO RAM - 

this RAM was used in earlier mother boards.

this type of RAM is Plugged on 30 Pin SIMM slot.

This RAM has no cut in it

it is smaller than any other RAM

capacity of this RAM may be 2MB to 8 MB 

SD RAM 

Synchronous dynamic RAM

this RAM has 168 178 pins and works on 3.3 volt

size of this RAM is 32 MB to 512 MB
this RAM has two cut in it

it is plugged in to 168 178 DIMM slot.

DDR RAM 

dual data rate memory.

three types of DDR RAM 

DDR - it has 184 pin and plugged in the DIMM slot.

it has single cut in the after center.

it minimum capacity 128 MB and Maximum 1 GB

it also works on 3.3 volt power supply

DDR2 - it has 240 pins and plugged on the DIMM slot.

it has single cut in center

it minimum capcity 128 MB maximum 2 GB

it is using 1.8 voltages.

DDR3 - it has also 240 pins and plugged in DIMM slot.

it has one cut after center.

it is using voltage 1.5

its capacity 2GB to 8GB 

                                                    NON volatile memory 

ROM - 

stand for read only memory. it is called read only because the original form of this memory could not be written to once information had been etched on a silicon chip and manufactured into the ROM package the information couldnt be changed 

there are different types of ROM 

1. mask ROM 

2. programmable ROM 

3. erasable programmable ROM 

4. electrically erasable programmable ROM