BILZ Daily Write

It is the prime physical part of a computer system. it works superbly with combination of its three parts. ALU - arithmetical logical unit CU - control unit Memory - cache memory of SRAM  A computer speed is mostly depends on CPU's speed we measure a processor speed in Heartz (HZ) 1000HZ - 1KHZ 1000 KHZ - 1MHZ 1000 MHZ - 1GHZ It speed also known as " Clock speed " "clock rate"                                                            Models of processor  ex .8085, 8086,286,386, 486 , Celeron , Pentium , 1234567 multi core processors come in with different to clock speed or cache memory . the first CPU made / Developed by MOTOROLA company and other manufacture of CPU are  Intel - celeron, Pentium  AMD - Advance micro device Cyrix IBM  Nexgen etc           ...

 the slots in which RAM /memory is attach and there is a lock also on both end of slot. this slot depending on the motherboard there will usually be 2 to 4 memory slots (sometimes more on high end motherboards) and is what determine the type of RAM used with the computer. the most common types of RAM are SDRAM and DDR for desktop computer and SODIMM for laptop computers each having various types and speeds.  there are three types of RAM slot SIMM - single inline memory module DIMM - double/dual inline memory module RIMM - RAMDAM/RAMBUS inline memory module SIMM - short for single in line memory module SIMM is a memory module developed by wang laboratories in  1983 the SIMM circuit board that holds six to nine memory chips per board the SIMM was used with computers using a 486 early intelpentium and compatible processors. these were on 80486 to P1 to P2 M.B. we can plug in 2MB to 32MB capacity of RAM on this slot these slots have two sypes first slot has 30 pin and it has ...

  PCI e :- a newer expansion slot architecture that is being used by motherboards is PCI express ( PCI e) it has the capability of being faster than AGP while maintaining the  flexibility of PCI and motherboards with PCIe might have regular PCI slots for backward compatibility with PCI  AMR  :- This slot and riser card technology was known as the audio modem riser (AMR) the manufactures developed a way of separating the analog circuity for example modem and analog audio onto its own card it was its own expansion card AMR is 46 pins slot. CNR :- the communications and networking riser  ( CNR ) slots that can be found on some intel motherboards are replacement for intel AMR slots. one portion of these slots is the same length as one of the portions of the AMR slot but the other portion of the CNR slot is longer than that of the AMR  slot. it is 60pins slot.

  An AGP ( accelerated graphics port ) slot is a connector on your motherboard specifically designed for use with a video card the AGP slot provides the fast connection and bandwidth that your video card needs to communicate with your processor and you display. in almost all cases AGP slots are brown they are also 2.8 in length 

stands for peripheral component interconnect. expansion cards give your computer additional capabilities. some very common expansion cards were sound cards 56k modems and ethernet adapters. you don't have to    populate you PCI/ PCI - E slots but it is an option if you need to extend you hardware. 

 Alternaticely referred to as a bul slot or expansion port and expansion slot is a slot laocated inside a computer on the motherboard that allows additional cards to be connected to it for example if you want to install a new video card in the computer youd purchase a video expansion card and intall that card into the compatible expansion slot. below is a listing of some of the expansion slots commonly found in IBM compatible computers as well as other brands of computers and the devices commonly  associated with those slots. 

  CHIPSET - each hardware component in your computer system has circuitry responsible for managing a specific hardware part. this circuitry is the controller for that specific piece of hardware. for example, access to memory is controlled by the memory controller the hard disk is managed by the hard disk controller and the keyboard is managed by the keyboard controller. the combination of computer chips that hold the logic for these controllers is the motherboard chipset. together the computer chips make up the chipset control communication from the CPU to each of the hardware devices in the system. two chips that make up a big part of a motherboard chipset are the Northbridge and the southbridge. # The NORTH BRIDGE chip is responsible for communication from the CPU to the memory of the CPU to the PCI ( peripheral component interconnect ) express bus and the accelerated graphics port (AGP ) device.  # The SOUTH BRIDGE -  chip is responsible for communication between the C...

 ATX is invented by inte. most popular today due to parts and smaller size. it is use 20 pin power supply ( ATX SMPS) some boards have both AT & ATX socket. it is based on 32 bit PCI expansion slots.

 smaller in size although is not fixed for Baby AT. successor to AT M.B. many peripheral components are integrated on the M.B. used 12 pin of power supply 

it based on intel 80z86 processor. it based on 16 bit ISA expansion slots. early AT mother boards were bigger in size. ( 12" width and 13.8 " length ) but letter AT's come 1/4 size of its 8086 board M.B. for each peripheral it also uses uses card as in XT M.B. used 12 pin power supply which is 2 plugs of 6 pin each.  

 XT ( extended technology ) -  XT mainly used in systems based on intel 8088 or Motorola 6800 processors. it is based on 8 bit ISA ( industry structure architecture ) expansion slots. bigger in size and so many components were mounted on M.B for each peripheral here was a card i.e. mouse, keyboard VGA, etc.

 modem ( modulator and demodulatior is typically used to send digital data over a phone line. the sending modem converts digital data into analog data which can transmitted over telephone lines and the reciving modem converts the analog data back into digital form. this is used to connect to internet.

  switch mode power supply. the power supply supplies power to every single part is the PC. the main function of the power supply is to convert the 230v AC 3.3v and 12 v DC power that the system requires for the oprations.

the invention of graphical user interface mouse is used to input information into the computer . users simply point and click to enter information.

 the key board is the main input device for most computers. it is used to input text or enter commands. into the PC. nowadays keyboards with additional features are available like multimedia keyboard wireless keyboard.

 floppy disks are the slowest form of secondary storage. they provide a simple way to carry informaiton from one place to another and backup small amount of files. in modern days floppy component is not as important as it was years ago. all PC made in the last 10 years use a standard 1.44 MB capacity.

 CD - ROM stands for compact disk read only memory. it consists of small disks similar to the gramophone records to hold digital information. as the name applies they are reads only medium. with the advance in technology writable CD are also available. 

 A hard drive consists of spinning platters made up of aluminum or ceramic that are coated with magnetic media. the platters come in various sizes. the hard drive with many different storage capacities can be created depending upon the density size and number of platters. This is also called as secondary memory. there can be several programs in the system. which cannot be stored in RAM so we need a very huge non volatile memory which can be used for storing all the programs and data when the system is not is use are called as hard disks. 

  memory is used to hold programs and data during execution. primary is often called as RAM ( random access memory ) it holds all the programs and data the processor is using at a given time . RAM is volatile because its contents are erased when power is switched off. the other  type of system memory is ROM ( read only memory ) which is permanent because it contents are not erased even when power is switched off. it is usually used to load an operating system.

 the processor is often thought as the engine of the computer. then the processor reads the commands from the memory and then executes them. the processor is one of the most expensive parts of the computers and is also one of the smallest parts.

 motherboard s the important component of the computer as everything else is connected to it and controls everythig in the system. motherboards are available in several different shapes. 

 Components needed to assemble a basic modern PC system.  1. mother board  2.  processor 3. memory ( primary ) 4. hard disk  5. CD - ROM 6. keyboard  7. mouse  8. monitor  9. power supply  10. cabinet   

Super computer are the fastest longest and costliest computer their speed is in the "  100 MIPS  [ million instructions per second ] range. in india a super computer has been use in the weather department at its head ffice for weather foorecasting and analysis . the first iindian super coomputer  ( PARAM )  was made by C- DAC (pune ) super computer are used iin research and developments like weather forecasting  , NASA etc.

 A main frame computer is a large expensive machine whose processing speed is very high and has large amount of secondary storage and fast printes. a large mainframe computer may be used too meet the data processing requirements of the entire org. for example - airline booking system, railway booking system , weather forecast etc.

 Mini computer is simply a small main frame computer it is a reduced version of main frame. attached printers are not so fast. so it has less stoorage capacity less processing speed of that of mainframe  computers . they are usually used by small busihnesses. for example research groups engineering , firms , collages etc. use mini cmputers.

 the microcomputer is also called a personal computer or PC. it has a processor based on a single silicon chip. the personal computer comes in three different physical sizes pocked PC, lap PC, and desktop PC,  belong to the portable category. the microcomputer is used in small businesses.

 1. inpute devices  2.  output devices  3. storage devices  4. processing devices  5. Network ( communication ) devices  Types of computer according to speed and capacitance  1. micro computer  2.  mini computer  3.  mainframe computer  4. super computer 

 software is the collection of programs and programs are collection instruction. software is used to describe the instructions that tell the computer how to perfrom a task. software is categorized :-  1. system software 2. application software 3. utility software  Human ware :-  people who operate the computer and who also create computer software instructions. 

 All study of the peripheral components is called hardware. all physical devices of a computer devices of a computer that we can change or repair are called hardware. the physical components which we can see touch and feel in the computer system are central processing unit (CPU ), memory, input device and output decice.

 computer - A computer is an electronic machine that takes input by input devices then processes it on it and then gives us output devices.  # An electronic machine that performs tasks such as calculations under the control of a set of instructions called a program. # Machine that performs tasks such as calculations under the control of a set of instructions called a program. A computer system consists of three elements:- # Hardware # Software # Humanware